Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time to Event Data [Hardcover]
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Since publication of the first edition nearly a decade ago, analyses using time-to-event methods have increase considerably in all areas of scientific inquiry mainly as a result of model-building methods available in modern statistical software packages. However, there has been minimal coverage in the available literature to9 guide researchers, practitioners, and students who wish to apply these methods to health-related areas of study. Applied Survival Analysis, Second Edition provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to regression modeling for time-to-event data in medical, epidemiological, biostatistical, and other health-related research.
This book places a unique emphasis on the practical and contemporary applications of regression modeling rather than the mathematical theory. It offers a clear and accessible presentation of modern modeling techniques supplemented with real-world examples and case studies. Key topics covered include: variable selection, identification of the scale of continuous covariates, the role of interactions in the model, assessment of fit and model assumptions, regression diagnostics, recurrent event models, frailty models, additive models, competing risk models, and missing data.
Features of the Second Edition include:
- Expanded coverage of interactions and the covariate-adjusted survival functions
- The use of the Worchester Heart Attack Study as the main modeling data set for illustrating discussed concepts and techniques
- New discussion of variable selection with multivariable fractional polynomials
- Further exploration of time-varying covariates, complex with examples
- Additional treatment of the exponential, Weibull, and log-logistic parametric regression models
- Increased emphasis on interpreting and using results as well as utilizing multiple imputation methods to analyze data with missing values
- New examples and exercises at the end of each chapter
Analyses throughout the text are performed using Stata® Version 9, and an accompanying FTP site contains the data sets used in the book. Applied Survival Analysis, Second Edition is an ideal book for graduate-level courses in biostatistics, statistics, and epidemiologic methods. It also serves as a valuable reference for practitioners and researchers in any health-related field or for professionals in insurance and government.
- Hardcover: 416 pages
- Publisher: Wiley-Interscience; 2 edition (March 7, 2008)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 0471754994
- ISBN-13: 978-0471754992
- Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 5.9 x 0.8 inches
- Shipping Weight: 1.6 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
- Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #161,001 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #47 in Books > Textbooks > Medicine & Health Sciences > Research > Biostatistics
- #70 in Books > Medical Books > Basic Sciences > Biostatistics
1. Introduction to Regression Modeling of Survival Data.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Typical Censoring Mechanisms.
1.3 Example Data Sets.
Exercises.
2. Descriptive Methods for Survival Data.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Estimating the Survival Function.
2.3 Using the Estimated Survival Function.
2.4 Comparison of Survival Functions.
2.5 Other Functions of Survival Time and Their Estimators.
Exercises.
3. Regression Models for Survival Data.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Semi-Parametric Regression Models.
3.3 Fitting the Proportional Hazards Regression Model.
3.4 Fitting the Proportional Hazards Model with Tied Survival Times.
3.5 Estimating the Survival Function of the Proportional Hazards Regression Model.
Exercises.
4. Interpretation of a Fitted Proportional Hazards Regression Model.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Nominal Scale Covariate.
4.3 Continuous Scale Covariate.
4.4 Multiple-Covariate Models.
4.5 Interpreting and Using the Estimated Covariate-Adjusted Survival Function.
Exercises.
5. Model Development.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Purposeful Selection of Covariates.
5.2.1 Methods to examine the scale of continuous covariates in the log hazard.
5.2.2 An example of purposeful selection of covariates.
5.3 Stepwise, Best-Subsets and Multivariable Fractional Polynomial Methods of Selecting Covariates.
5.3.1 Stepwise selection of covariates.
5.3.2 Best subsets selection of covariates.
5.3.3 Selecting covariates and checking their scale using multivariable fractional polynomials.
5.4 Numerical Problems.
Exercises.
6. Assessment of Model Adequacy.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Residuals.
6.3 Assessing the Proportional Hazards Assumption.
6.4 Identification of Influential and Poorly Fit Subjects.
6.5 Assessing Overall Goodness-of-Fit.
6.6 Interpreting and Presenting Results From the Final Model.
Exercises.
7. Extensions of the Proportional Hazards Model.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 The Stratified Proportional Hazards Model.
7.3 Time-Varying Covariates.
7.4 Truncated, Left Censored and Interval Censored Data.
Exercises.
8. Parametric Regression Models.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 The Exponential Regression Model.
8.3 The Weibull Regression Model.
8.4 The Log-Logistic Regression Model.
8.5 Other Parametric Regression Models.
Exercises.
9. Other Models and Topics.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Recurrent Event Models.
9.3 Frailty Models.
9.4 Nested Case-Control Studies.
9.5 Additive Models.
9.6 Competing Risk Models.
9.7 Sample Size and Power.
9.8 Missing Data.
Exercises.
Appendix 1: The Delta Method.
Appendix 2: An Introduction to the Counting Process Approach to Survival Analysis.
Appendix 3: Percentiles for Computation of the Hall and Wellner Confidence Band.
References.
Index.
The authors provide a really nice, non-technical survey of the landscape for Cox Proportional Hazards models. A nice aspect of their treatment is the care they take to reference all highly technical texts and journal articles. For example, if you'd like to find out more about goodness-of-fit tests for survival models, the authors provide ample references to the Counting Process Theory of Martingale Residuals.
The first chapter discusses the basic characteristics of survival data, including the notion of censoring (in all of its various forms). Examples of the principle types of censoring are included. The chapter also includes introductory material on the general survival model, including a nice description of the log likelihood function. Curiously, the rigorous definition of the hazard function has been omitted, probably to avoid intimidating readers who are not familiar with formal limits.
Chapter 2 continues to build up the general survival model and introduces the relationship between the survivor function and the cumulative hazard. Pointwise estimators for the survivor function are discussed, including the Kaplan-Meier estimator along with the various variance estimators. Test statistics for comparing two survival populations are introduced, including the Log-Rank and General Wilcoxon statistics. The reader is encouraged to read the counting process treatments of these statistics to see why they produced defensible hypothesis tests.
Chapter 3 is devoted to the Cox Model and Cox's partial likelihood function. Tests for significance of the coefficients are introduced, included the Wald test, log likelihood ratio test and the score test. These are used heavily in the later chapters as the basis of a model-building methodology.
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